In this review, we discuss the clinical characteristics of COVID-19, current as well as potential new treatments based on the reduction of lung edema through various means, drugs, TCMs or natural compounds. As RAS plays an important role in PFC and AFC, astragaloside IV from Astragalus propinquus is able to protect kidney and respiratory by activating the ACE2-Ang-(17)-Mas pathway in RAS and improving ACE2, Ang-(17), Mas level (Wang et l., 2015; Qu, 2019). It shows the vaccine is teaching your body's immune system how to protect itself from the disease. Pathophysiology, Transmission, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). As Gabazza et al., (2004) reported, lung fibrosis is linked to decreased mRNA and protein expression of AQP-5 in the lung. Am. COVID-19 and its Implications for Thrombosis and Anticoagulation. Hormonal Regulation and Genomic Organization of the Human Amiloride-Sensitive Epithelial Sodium Channel Subunit Gene. (2006). Subjects 1760 (1), 19. Care Med. 2, 1019. BK is generated by cleavage of high-molecular-weight kininogen (HMWK) from plasma-kallikrein and binds to the BKB2 receptor, and thus results vascular hemorrhage (Garvin et al., 2020). 6, 331345. 274 (53), 3783437839. (2013). (2009). Physiol. Br. Fedratinib, an FDA approved JAK2 inhibitor, may be used to reduce the mortality associated with hyperinflammation by suppressing the production of several Th17 cytokines (i.e., IL1b and TNF-alpha, IL21, IL22, IL17) and the formation of pulmonary edema in combination with anti-viral drugs (Yang et al., 2020e). Front. Generalized Edema and Pseudothrombocytopenia After ChAdOx1 - PubMed Traditional Chinese Medicine in the Treatment of Patients Infected with 2019-New Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2): A Review and Perspective. Involvement of Lung Interstitial Proteoglycans in Development of Hydraulic- and Elastase-Induced Edema. J. J. Respir. Case Report: Thrombotic Thrombocytopenia after COVID-19 Janssen Systemic Reactions. Clin. We identified pulmonary edema, pleural effusion, and pericardial effusion. A type of pulmonary edema called neurogenic pulmonary edema can occur after a head injury, seizure or brain . Rhinovirus Upregulates Transient Receptor Potential Channels in a Human Neuronal Cell Line: Implications for Respiratory Virus-Induced Cough Reflex Sensitivity. Biochem. (2003). doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2020.08.038, Keywords: COVID-19, pulmonary edema, abnormal lung humoral metabolism, syndrome coronavirus 2, drug, traditional Chinese medicine, Citation: Cui X, Chen W, Zhou H, Gong Y, Zhu B, Lv X, Guo H, Duan J, Zhou J, Marcon E and Ma H (2021) Pulmonary Edema in COVID-19 Patients: Mechanisms and Treatment Potential. The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). J. Pathol. SN Compr. Sci. eCollection 2021. The abnormal humoral metabolism and pulmonary edema contribute to the severity of symptoms and fatality of COVID-19 patients. S1 facilitates virus infection by binding to host receptors, and S2 regulates the membranes fusion to enable viral RNA entering into host cells for further replication. The Study on the Treatment of Xuebijing Injection (XBJ) in Adults with Severe or Critical Corona Virus Disease 2019 and the Inhibitory Effect of XBJ against SARS-CoV-2. Influenza Induces IL-8 and GM-CSF Secretion by Human Alveolar Epithelial Cells through HGF/c-Met and TGF-/EGFR Signaling. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) and coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) - anatomic pathology perspective on current knowledge. Molecular Features of Non-selective Small Molecule Antagonists of the Bradykinin Receptors. 2023 Feb 13;11(2):435. doi: 10.3390/vaccines11020435. doi:10.1002/jcp.29758, Zhang, W., Xia, X., Reisenauer, M. R., Rieg, T., Lang, F., Kuhl, D., et al. doi:10.1530/EJE-20-0338, Clapham, D. E., Runnels, L. W., and Strbing, C. (2001). EM did the language polishing. However, the efficacy and safety of these drugs in COVID-19 patients are unclear. Physiol. 94 (8), 10911100. Mechanism of BK inducing pulmonary edema and potential drugs. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2028836, Tang, Y., Liu, J., Zhang, D., Xu, Z., Ji, J., and Wen, C. (2020). Res. doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.3004276, Towne, J. E., Krane, C. M., Bachurski, C. J., and Menon, A. G. (2001). 110 (25), E2308E2316. Arek Sarkissian. (2020). KCa3.1 (1-EBIO) and KATP (minoxidil) channel openers can greatly recover AFC in mice intratracheally administrated verapamil, which is the first generation of the phenylalkylamine class of calcium channel antagonists (Fleckenstein, 1977; Nayler and Dillon, 1986), suggesting that K+ channel openers might be potential drugs for treating pulmonary edema (Han et al., 2010). Liu Shen Capsule Shows Antiviral and Anti-inflammatory Abilities against Novel Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 via Suppression of NF-b Signaling Pathway. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1302421. (2013). doi:10.1021/acsnano.0c02624, Walls, A. C., Park, Y.-J., Tortorici, M. A., Wall, A., McGuire, A. T., and Veesler, D. (2020). (2020). doi:10.1136/thoraxjnl-2013-203894, PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar, Achanta, S., and Jordt, S. E. (2020). 10.1007/s42399-020-00610-8 Kiener M, Roldan N, Machahua C, Sengupta A, Geiser T, Guenat OT, Funke-Chambour M, Hobi N, Kruithof-de Julio M. Front Med (Lausanne). Phytomedicine 85, 153315. doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153315, Zhou, Z., Wang, S.-Q., Liu, Y., and Miao, A.-D. (2006). Clin. Proc. The cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) and the ENaC located in the airway apical membranes and alveolar epithelial cells are essential in regulating lung fluid balance across airway as the chloride (Cl) and bicarbonate (HCO3) secretion conduits, and alveolar epithelia by sodium (Na+) ion absorption (Matalon, 1999; Birket et al., 2016; Londino et al., 2017). Evolution of the Novel Coronavirus from the Ongoing Wuhan Outbreak and Modeling of its Spike Protein for Risk of Human Transmission. Chin. Am. Med. Immunol. 46 (2), 208214. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2125.1986.tb02859.x, Negrini, D., Passi, A., de Luca, G., and Miserocchi, G. (1998). sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Transient Receptor Potential Channels in Pulmonary Chemical Injuries and as Countermeasure Targets. A Mechanistic Model and Therapeutic Interventions for COVID-19 Involving a RAS-Mediated Bradykinin Storm. 99 (9), 988995. Clinical Characteristics of 138 Hospitalized Patients with 2019 Novel Coronavirus-Infected Pneumonia in Wuhan, China. 8 (8), 807815. See this image and copyright information in PMC. (2020). J. Intern. ACIP reviews data. 192 (8), 37653777. Res. (1985) 93 (4), 15331541. TRPA1 Agonists Evoke Coughing in guinea Pig and Human Volunteers. Dis. Pulmonary Edema in COVID-19 Patients: Mechanisms and Treatment Potential Pulmonary Edema in COVID-19 Patients: Mechanisms and Treatment Potential Front Pharmacol. Mechanism of inhibiting ENaC inducing pulmonary edema. COVID-19: The Potential Treatment of Pulmonary Fibrosis Associated with Fatigue, headache, chills, and new or worsened muscle pain were most common. Xue-Bi-Jing injection is also widely applicated in treating COVID-19 patients and by adding it based on the routine anti-infective therapy, the 28-day mortality of patients with severe pneumonia could be reduced by 8.8%, greatly improving pneumonia severity index (from 93.18 23.17 to 52.18 30.53) (Ma et al., 2020b). A vision of coronavirus with the minimal set of structural proteins. (2015). Med. The Origin, Transmission and Clinical Therapies on Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Outbreak - an Update on the Status. People with pneumonia, lung cancer, or heart disease may experience chest pain or wheezing. Sharma, A., Garcia, G., Wang, Y., Plummer, J. T., Morizono, K., Arumugaswami, V., et al. Res. Rev. Pulmonary Edema in COVID-19: Explained by Bradykinin?. ), cell growth and death, as well as the degradation of damaged cells (Zhao et al., 2020). Original Article Antibody Responses to Haemophilus influenzae Type b Vaccines in Men with Human . Patients receive high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC), non-invasive ventilation (NIV), mechanical ventilation or ECMO as respiratory supports (Guo et al., 2020; Pascarella et al., 2020), a crystalloid fluid to ensure body fluid equilibrium (Christ-Crain et al., 2020), and anticoagulants for restraining the thrombus formation to aid in circulatory support (Connors and Levy, 2020). Zhang J, Zhou N, Wang Y, Liu T, Cao Y, Feng W, Zheng X. COVID-19 Vaccine: A Comprehensive Status Report. 2023 Apr;201(2):159-170. doi: 10.1007/s00408-023-00615-9. (2020). Respir. We are grateful to all of the colleagues who have given critical comments on this work. (2020a). Virol. Pulmonary capillary leak syndrome following COVID-19 virus infection 23 (5), 289301. Drug Discov. Rev. Naunyn-schmiedeberg's Arch. (2020). 2, 26372646. FIGURE 1. Direct Vascular Effects of Furosemide in Humans. COVID-19 Treatment and Diagnosis Guideline (7th version, trial) [Online]. N. Engl. Wang C, Xie J, Zhao L, Fei X, Zhang H, Tan Y, Nie X, Zhou L, Liu Z, Ren Y, Yuan L, Zhang Y, Zhang J, Liang L, Chen X, Liu X, Wang P, Han X, Weng X, Chen Y, Yu T, Zhang X, Cai J, Chen R, Shi ZL, Bian XW. Urgent reconsideration of lung edema as a preventable outcome in COVID-19: inhibition of TRPV4 represents a promising and feasible approach. CFTR inhibitors, like glibenclamide and CFTRinh-172 inhibitor, distinctly reduced absorptive alveolar fluid transport (Solymosi et al., 2013). (2020b). (Imai et al., 2007; Zhang and Baker, 2017). Dexamethasone for the Treatment of Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19): a Review. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Quantitative mRNA Expression Profiling of ACE 2, a Novel Homologue of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme. Qing-Fei-Pai-Du Decoction, which is officially recommended for the treatment of COVID-19 patients as mentioned in the guideline issued by NHC (Trial 7th edition) (PRC, 2020), has an effective rate higher than 90% (2020) and can mediate the inflammatory storm induced by COVID-19 (Yang et al., 2020b), regulate the innate immune, cytokine activities (IL-17, NF-B, TNF etc. These channels are important in maintaining the optimum volume and ion constitution of bronchial periciliary fluid and alveolar lining fluid layers, which are necessary in appropriate pathogens mucociliary clearance and optimum gas exchange, respectively (Londino et al., 2017). Struct. A recent review has summarized the effects of TRPs in pulmonary chemical injuries, which includes the representative TRPA1, TRPV1 and TRPV4 antagonists which have participated in preclinical and clinical studies (Achanta and Jordt, 2020) (Supplementary Tables S1S3). Polymodal Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid Type 1 Nocisensor. The site is secure. J. Infect. (2014). CDC interim clinical considerations and FDA Nat. K+ Channels Regulate ENaC Expression via Changes in Promoter Activity and Control Fluid Clearance in Alveolar Epithelial Cells. There are multiple potential mechanisms leading to pulmonary edema in severe Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) patients and understanding of those mechanisms may enable proper management of this condition. (2021). 2023 Feb 15;12(4):1542. doi: 10.3390/jcm12041542. Elevated pulmonary venous pressure leads to faster fluid infiltration into the interstitial lung than the ability of the pulmonary lymphatic vessel to drain away fluid, resulting in pulmonary edema. (2021). Med. Cepharanthine: a Review of the Antiviral Potential of a Japanese-approved Alopecia Drug in COVID-19. Upregulation of Alveolar Epithelial Active Na + Transport Is Dependent on 2 -Adrenergic Receptor Signaling. The stimulation of TRPA1 can cause coughing, hypersecretion of mucus, rapid shallow breathing as well as bronchoconstriction (Bessac and Jordt, 2008; Birrell et al., 2009), which, if persistent, may cause ARDS and other chronic diseases. In addition, natural compounds and TCMs which generally have multiple targets should also be investigated, both in terms of their efficacy and safety. Care 21 (1), 305. doi:10.1186/s13054-017-1882-z, Zhang, H., Kang, Z., Gong, H., Xu, D., Wang, J., Li, Z., et al. The University of Connecticut Foundation, Inc. Office of Development and Alumni Relations 10 Talcott Notch Road Suite 100 Farmington, CT 06032 TABLE 1. SN Compr. 35 (5), 684688. Efficacy and Safety of Garadacimab in Combination with Standard of Care Treatment in Patients with Severe COVID-19. 34 (4), 610618. J. Ethnopharmacology 265, 113301. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2020.113301, Li, F. (2016). 2020 Mar 23:3558887. doi: 10.2139/ssrn.3558887. The fluid transudes into and accumulates in the interstitium of lungs and finally alveolars from lung capillary, leading to severe disorder of pulmonary ventilation and gas exchange (Staub, 1974). Shapiro, S. D. (2001). Was this helpful? The abnormal humoral metabolism in lungs and the resulting pulmonary edema have become the main life-threatening factors in COVID-19 patients. Limmer A, Engler A, Kattner S, Gregorius J, Pattberg KT, Schulz R, Schwab J, Roth J, Vogl T, Krawczyk A, Witzke O, Zelinskyy G, Dittmer U, Brenner T, Berger MM. We also obtain PFTs in recovering COVID-19 patients with severe pulmonary involvement or COVID-19-related ARDS, which applies to many patients who required hospitalization. A., Weber, D., Addison, E., Liedtke, W., and Townsley, M. I. Oxygen flows through a face mask or a flexible plastic tube with two openings (nasal cannula) that deliver oxygen to each nostril. Ion channels, AQPs, RAS, bradykinin and hyaluronic acid are factors influencing the pulmonary edema. Cel Rep. Med. The Potential Chemical Structure of antiSARSCoV2 RNAdependent RNA Polymerase. doi:10.1146/annurev-virology-110615-042301, Li, L., Zhang, W., Hu, Y., Tong, X., Zheng, S., Yang, J., et al. However, it is still unclear how the vaccination will proceed and how fast can vaccinations be done. Annu. Pulmonary edema - Diagnosis and treatment - Mayo Clinic Natl. Pharmacol. Infection of Mice with Influenza A/WSN/33 (H1N1) Virus Alters Alveolar Type II Cell Phenotype. Clinical and Computed Tomographic Imaging Features of Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia Caused by SARS-CoV-2. Optimizing Diagnostic Strategy for Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia, a Multi-center Study in Eastern China. 11 (1), 65. doi:10.1186/1465-9921-11-65, Han, J., Li, H., Bhandari, S., Cao, F., Wang, X. Y., Tian, C., et al. DD&T 14 (5), 256258. Aquaporins in the Lung. These in turn, lead to severe lung damage in COVID-19 patients. Here, we provide a perspective on abnormal lung humoral metabolism of pulmonary edema in COVID-19 patients, review the mechanisms by which pulmonary edema may be induced in COVID-19 patients, and propose putative drug targets that may be of use in treating COVID-19. North America 33 (4), 869889. Disclaimer. With the presence of active basolateral Na+-K+-ATPase, inhibition of the entry of apical Na+ can generate a concentration gradient inducing the uptake of basolateral Na+ with Cl by Na+-K+-2Cl cotransporter (NKCC) and thus induce the apical secretion of Cl (Solymosi et al., 2013). Efficacy and Safety of Lianhuaqingwen Capsules, a Repurposed Chinese Herb, in Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019: A Multicenter, Prospective, Randomized Controlled Trial. Jiangsu Qing Lan Project for Young Academic Leaders of China. Multiple TCMs have been already clinical applied for COVID-19 in China and achieved high recovery rate. 2023 Feb 14;14:1080962. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1080962. J. Physiology-Lung Cell Mol. Epub 2022 Oct 17. HA is synthesized by HAS2. Delayed Large Local Reactions to mRNA Vaccines | NEJM J. Biol. doi:10.1126/science.abb2762, Yang, G., Tan, Z., Zhou, L., Yang, M., Peng, L., Liu, J., et al. The frequency and severity of systemic adverse events was higher after dose 2 than dose 1. Coronavirus Disease 2019 Treatment A Review of Early and Emerging Options. Repurposing Antimalarials and Other Drugs for COVID-19. 289 (1), L104L110. Med. (2017). (2020). 318 (4), L723L741. It not only can induce de novo synthesis of ENaC and affect ENaC regulatory pathway, but also has an impact on cytokines. Am. It has been reported that infection with a respiratory-associated virus can significantly increase the expression and activity of TRPV1 (Abdullah et al., 2014). 157, 104820. doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104820, Yang, X., Yu, Y., Xu, J., Shu, H., Xia, J. a., Liu, H., et al. For patients recovering from COVID-19 who have persistent, progressive, or new respiratory symptoms, we obtain PFTs including spirometry, lung volumes, and diffusion capacity. Toxin means various pathogenic microorganism and inflammatory storm presenting in infected patients, and dampness means the abnormal humoral metabolism like inflammatory exudation. Antiviral Res. Patients in intensive care units (ICU) have higher plasma levels of IL2, IL7, IL10, MCP1, MIP1A, GSCF, IP10, and TNF (Huang et al., 2020). Hyponatremia in Infectious Diseases-A Literature Review. Biol. Cepharanthine, a bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid derived from tubers of Stephania Japonica, was shown to have a wide-spectrum inhibitor of pan--coronavirus (Fan et al., 2020; Rogosnitzky et al., 2020). N.Y. Acad. (2017). 161, 105290. doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105290, Shi, Y., Wang, Y., Shao, C., Huang, J., Gan, J., Huang, X., et al. Phytochemistry and Pharmacology of Genus Ephedra. Crit. (2021). J. Med. Is Amiloride a Promising Cardiovascular Medication to Persist in the COVID-19 Crisis?. Pathophysiology and incidence - Vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT) is an extremely rare syndrome that can occur in individuals who received certain adenoviral-vectored coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines. K+ Channel Openers Restore Verapamil-Inhibited Lung Fluid Resolution and Transepithelial Ion Transport. 57 (3), 262265. J. doi:10.1152/ajplung.00085.2001, Ito, Y., Correll, K., Zemans, R. L., Leslie, C. C., Murphy, R. C., and Mason, R. J. (1999). We argue for expeditious clinical testing of this inhibitor in COVID-19 patients with respiratory malfunction and at risk for lung edema. JAMA 323 (11), 10611069. Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). JAMA 323 (20), 20522059. Aldosterone-induced Sgk1 Relieves Dot1a-Af9-Mediated Transcriptional Repression of Epithelial Na+ Channel . J. Clin. Available: https://covid19.who.int/ (Accessed March 31, 2021). doi:10.1016/s2213-2600(20)30225-3, Goldenberg, N. M., Ravindran, K., and Kuebler, W. M. (2015). 2 3 Postauthorisation reports of severe reactions, including anaphylaxis, have been extremely rare, occurring in only 4.5 reported cases per million doses. Reaffirms recommendation for Janssen COVID-19 Vaccine. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). doi:10.4268/cjcmm20152124, Wang, Q., Zheng, X., Cheng, Y., Zhang, Y.-L., Wen, H.-X., Tao, Z., et al. Notably, both vaccines have strong safety profiles, with the most common adverse events including injection site reactions, fever, chills, fatigue, headache, and muscle and joint aches. Heart Circ. Side effects of the coronavirus vaccines | NHS inform N. Engl. J. Physiology-Lung Cell Mol. Prc, N. H. C. o. t. (2020). Am. 11, 1708. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.01708, Thanh Le, T., Andreadakis, Z., Kumar, A., Gmez Romn, R., Tollefsen, S., Saville, M., et al. Cell 181 (2), 281292. 4 Currently, only icatibant has been approved as bradykinin antagonist for clinical treatment, and relevant studies have revealed that cefepime, cefpirome, imatinib, raloxifene, sildenafil, ponatinib, abemaciclib and entrectinib may also act as prospective non-selective bradykinin antagonists and have potential for treatment of COVID-19 (Rasaeifar et al., 2020). -, Ahmed M. H., Hassan A. Physiol. 181 (1), 5361. doi:10.1074/jbc.M100322200, Udugama, B., Kadhiresan, P., Kozlowski, H. N., Malekjahani, A., Osborne, M., Li, V. Y. C., et al. Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology 36 (6), 420425. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.1585, Wang, Q. Y., Liang, W., Jiang, C., Li, N. Y., Xu, H., Yang, M. N., et al. doi:10.1152/ajplung.00255.2019, Zhang, B.-M., Wang, Z.-B., Xin, P., Wang, Q.-H., Bu, H., and Kuang, H.-X. Physiol. Sci. During the infection of SARS-CoV-2, RAS, BK and hyaluronic acid (HA) are all involved in the regulation of AFC and the formation of pulmonary edema (Garvin et al., 2020). J. Cel Mol Med 24 (8), 47364747. Studies showed that ENaC activators or stimulators can regulate ENaC-dependent fluid absorption in alveolar and pulmonary edema (Fronius, 2013). A vision of coronavirus with the minimal set of structural proteins. Infection and replication process of SARS-CoV-2. 160, 105073. doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105073, Maronde, R. F., Milgrom, M., Vlachakis, N. D., and Chan, L. (1983). Semin. (2014).
546237352fd6aaab How Long Can A Veteran Stay On Hud Vash,
Kohler Company Employee Directory,
Disadvantages Of Artesian Well,
Articles P
