what is a group of bandits called

." Murphy, Agnes Genevieve. The Crossword Solver finds answers to classic crosswords and cryptic crossword puzzles. Brigantaggio politico had already emerged as a central feature of Corsican independence strategies against Genoa under Giacinto Paoli and Gian-Pietro Gaffori in the mid-eighteenth century. Violence is targeted specifically against persons and properties (usually animals) of persons, and displayed through stories. In Corsica, for example, many bandits were obliged to rely on the support of family and kin and thus soon found themselves further enmeshed in family feuds. Most animal studies emphas, Paramilitary Groups. On the Christian side the Knights of St. John, based in Malta, harassed Muslim commercial shipping in the 16th and 17th centuries. Sign up for our weekly newsletters and get: By signing in, you agree to our Terms and Conditions On the other hand it suggests that ordinary peasants or pastoralists, the source of national folklore and the social stratum from whom bandits were traditionally recruited, possessed the right ethnic sentiments in rejecting foreign authority, exploitation, and other abuses. The ways in which bandits were portrayed in the modern nation-state and the ways such symbols were used to legitimate contemporary struggles are as significant as what the bandits actually did and represented. Each Redbrand wore a simple, dirty scarlet cloak. It was they who made a stand at the Read More asidism Spanish bandits of this period operated in many parts of the country, especially in Catalonia, Valencia, Murcia, and Castile. Many bandit gangs developed and profited from close ties to regional and local power brokers: the Caudillos (political bosses) or coroneis (planter elite). [35] His gang of bandits eventually grew into a rebel army and Deng conducted attacks on the government in Fujian. In other cases, such as in Corsica, mules' ears were cut off as a ritual death threat. New York: Oxford University Press, 2003. Erick D. Langer, Economic Change and Rural Resistance in Southern Bolivia, 18801930 (1989). [26] Robinson further points out that "[a] widespread network to dispose of the stolen livestock linked" towns in the Capital Region to nearby provinces. A particular feature of the German underworld of the eighteenth century is the rather high proportion of Jews among organized robbers. If officials labeled revolutionaries as bandits, bandits sometimes professed to have political aims, to cover their crimes with a veneer of legitimacy. Danker, Uwe. Encyclopedia of European Social History. Some people, possibly to prove they paid attention in history class, also throw around privateer. In Greece the notions of atichos (luckless) and moira (fate) were equally prevalent. In addition to the highly developed economy of Beijing, the Region also contained numerous commercial cities; these cities not only attracted merchants but also bandits. Encyclopedia.com. A widespread and effective climate of fear would in any case be difficult to maintain if it were to be reduced to the potential violent actions of a few individuals, unless it were supported by a consent bandits received at the local level. Comeche, Juan Antonio Martnez, ed. What does the name Bandit mean? Veritable Records of the Ming Dynasty relates that the great bandit Zhang Mao lived in a big mansion in his hometown Wenan. Latin American elites long have recognized the dangerous political potential of banditry and have made vigorous efforts to contain it. As a type of predatory, acquisitive, and violent action by groups of men (sometimes including women), banditry has a long history dating from ancient Greece, Rome, and China. Bracewell, Catherine Wendy. 2 vols. Where banditry has persisted, it can clearly be linked to the inability of the state to control the countryside. Translated by Sin Reynolds. Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates. The peak of Catalan banditry was during the reign of Philip III (15981621). Create a text document there and call it bandit (not bandit.ini not Bandit, it has to be bandit ). One example was Gao Yingxiang, who started as a mounted bandit in Shaanxi and later became an important rebel leader in late Ming. That power can also be manifested in the paradoxical expressiveness of silencethe unspoken stories that say it all. Terror and violence often had a personal element. For animals with multiple potential group names, weve bolded the most common that you might encounter. [26], The career nor the identity of a bandit was permanent. Furthermore, a group of young hares is often called leverets. role in Jewish history In Judaism: New parties and sects The Sicarii (Assassins), so-called because of the daggers ( sica) they carried, arose about 54 ce, according to Josephus, as a group of bandits who kidnapped or murdered those who had found a modus vivendi with the Romans. In Serbian, Croatian, and Bosnian collective imaginary, Yes! However, banditry also arose because throughout Latin American history, elite rule restricted access to economic opportunity and political expression. ." Within the Cite this article tool, pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style. Fears of banditry of this sort surfaced in 1789, during the French Revolution, and helped trigger rural risings. Nor was it because they lived or died "nobly." the so-called haiduks were men of the people who stood against the hegemony of foreign rulers and the exploitation of the poor by the nobility. But piracy is a much more universal phenomenon. More than most other social phenomena, the characterization of banditry depends upon how it is approached. How authorities have responded to this form of prepotency (either through savage repression or co-option of strongmen) has itself influenced responses to banditry at the local level. Where there was no (state) law, Rousseau discerned justice; where the people were oppressed, Rousseau anticipated freedom; where the ancien rgime recognized anarchic, bloodthirsty bandits, he discerned exemplary citizens capable of discipline. Because privateering was generally a more lucrative occupation than military service, it tended to divert manpower and resources away from regular navies. In Brazil, Silvino and Lampio cooperated with elites, not the peasant masses. 27 Apr. Outlaws and Highwaymen: The Cult of the Robber in England from the Middle Ages to the Nineteenth Century. and, usually, with the mass slavery of civilians from partisan-controlled areas.[5]. Manuel Garca's career as a profit-minded bandit antedated his service to the Cuban independence movement. Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture. As shown above, a large number of bandits were actually garrison soldiers and had access to and able usage of weapons and armors. . Noted for their fur (or hair) and ability to produce milk to feed their young, mammals come in all shapes and sizes. She married at the age 11 to a man three times her age, but was abandoned by her husband and her family after the marriage broke down. Barkey, Karen. [19] Another report of 1489 attested that soldiers had raided in Henan province. Ancient History, Middle Ages and Feudalism. The romanticization of banditry is a phenomenon that started with the popular ballads about prominent ringleaders such as Louis Dominique Cartouche in the eighteenth century. Collective Nouns for Mammals Noted for their fur (or hair) and ability to produce milk to feed their young, mammals come in all shapes and sizes. But more informal kinds of banditry occurred in other settings. A central way to express violence and damage one's opponent's interests was through the mutilation of both individuals and animals. Ruber und Gauner in Deutschland. In mountainous areas of early modern Spain, banditry and brigandage remained a continual phenomenon throughout the period under discussion. Since the nineteenth century there have been two discourses on banditry, intimately tied with the nation-state and its imaginative geography. Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA). Tiger Yang once served as a personal military retainer of the aforementioned Ning Gao before turning to banditry; similarly, when facing unemployment, some of Ning's former "bandit catchers" simply joined the bandit leaders Liu Brothers. After the selection and killing of the victim, whether the original offender or a surrogate, the body was often mutilated to underscore the significance of the act of revenge. ." These raids, in turn, endeared them to Spains colonial rivals England and France, which offered various forms of support. Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. Such actions served as a warning or an unambiguous omen of further action. Retrieved April 27, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/international/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/banditry. [27], Of course, the Ming government used a heavy hand to crack down on banditry. Yet through that act the bandit embarked on his final transformation. This will put you in Vathume in a new game the next time you launch Skyrim. Because they were embedded in local communities, bandits benefited from a grassroots solidarity against outsiders and state authority. Bandidos somos y en el camino andamos: Bandidaje, caminos y administracin de justicia en el siglo XIX, 18211855: El caso de Michoacn. Granite Island: A Portrait of Corsica. Retrieved April 27, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/banditry. Banditry could be a tactic of rural elites as well as the rural poor; outlaw networks often cut across class lines. If you cover your face with a bandanna, jump on your horse, and rob the passengers on a train, you're a bandit. [13] Whistling arrow bandits had troubled the Capital Region throughout the first three decades of the sixteenth century. The penal policy of the early modern state (public executions, large-scale patrols, printed lists of wanted persons) is a proof of this perennial threat. The Redbrands mostly consisted of humans, male and female, although a handful of halflings and bugbears were also in the bandit group. Fentress, James, and Chris Wickham. The victim was therefore defined taxonomically. Social bandits were considered by their people as heroes, champions, and fighters for justice in a world that often denied them justice. His letters and broadsides show a clear political agenda, not typical of Hobsbawm's social bandit. Bandits required protection in order to survive; otherwise they were quickly killed by the landlords' retainers, the police, or the peasants. [9] Tong concludes that his "rational choice model predicts that there would be more rebellions and banditry where the likelihood of surviving hardship is minimal but the likelihood of surviving as an outlaw is maximal. Originating with the Greek peirats, meaning brigand, it can be applied to a wide range of nautical misbehavior, including coastal raiding and intercepting ships on high seas. While you are within your rights to refer to them as a bunch of guys, animal species all have their own collective group names. Encyclopedia.com. Bandits were recruited from the most mobile segments of peasant society: young unmarried men, landless laborers, migrants, shepherds, ex-soldiers, and deserters. Synonyms for Group Of Bandits (other words and phrases for Group Of Bandits). Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Hobsbawm distinguished bandits from gangs drawn from the professional underworld and from communities for whom raiding was a normal way of life (such as the Bedouins). Elitist officials typically labeled as bandits any groups that threatened their political monopoly. "Bandits and the State: Robbers and the Authorities in the Holy Roman Empire in the Late Seventeenth Century." While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Bandits. "[10] As a result, Tong finds that banditry, like other types of collective violence, had a spatial and temporal pattern. Over 70 percent of the world is covered in water, so you can imagine that its home to a ton of different species. Eric J. Hobsbawm, Bandits, rev. https://www.encyclopedia.com/international/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/banditry, "Banditry For this reason he was highly esteemed by the poor of Naples. One 1485 official report revealed that local people, some probably working as fences (see Fences in Ming China), purchased stolen animals and goods from highway bandits at lower prices. Cambridge, U.K., 1992. Not all of those creatures are particularly social or hang out in groups, but for those that do, youre treated to schools and fevers. Rather than being champions of the poor, bandits often terrorized and oppressed them. Click the answer to find similar crossword clues . Any time people have used the sea for military and commercial purposes, there presumably has been some form of piracy. 2023 . Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientficas, 2003. Journal ofModern Greek Studies 6 (1988): 269290. Peasant idealization of bandits was also variable and a function of their subsequent political evolution. It was rather that, by being betrayed and killed or publicly executed, they achieved sacrificial status. "Fools Banished from the Kingdom: Remapping Geographies of Gang Violence between the Americas (Los Angeles and San Salvador)." It operates between the state-imposed system of law and social order on one hand and the local system of vengeance and grassroots conceptions of justice on the other. Some outlaws gained reputations as social bandits and were celebrated in folklore and music. Privacy Policy. What is a group of traveling merchants called? That eventually expanded to include creatures that werent hunted (like bugs), and usage that spread beyond just hunters. The myth of banditry may well, therefore, have a double function. In Europe banditry assumed its most important forms in rural societies, particularly in Mediterranean regions and particularly as property relations changed in the eighteenth to nineteenth centuries. It was a form of crime that rose out of political and social crisis, especially in areas over which the government could exercise only very little control, above all mountainous regions and often frontier zones. Exploring food, architecture in Costa Rica. The late medieval legend of Robin Hood, who robbed the rich, switched clothes with beggars, and helped the poor, was popular not only in England but also in the rest of Europe for hundreds of years. Calculated arbitrariness in imposing one's will and extravagant generosity are two aspects of the same phenomenon. One official reported that soldiers travelling by the Grand Canal from adjacent garrisons to the capital committed robbery and murder against civilian travelers and merchants; on the land, these soldiers had fallen into mounted banditry as well. Some bandits actually had a settled life and were even married. 2 (1982): 58-89. Archives europennes de Sociologie 24 (1983): 96114. The serrano (mountain region) uprisings during the Mexican Revolution offer another good example of political banditry cutting across class barriers. Robinson points out that bandits obviously perceived the benefits of supporting rebel cause but they also could be repelled to join; as a result, the 1510s rebels attracted a lot of local bandits and outlaws as they moved from one place to another. Neither solely a prepolitical form of protest nor a means of suppressing peasant unrest, it may have performed these functions among others. In early twentieth-century southern Bolivia, the peasants used banditry, mass mobilization, or litigation, depending on the strength of their corporate identity and cohesiveness. Being Bandits, almost all of their armor is torn, tattered, worn, battered, or frayed, and nearly all of their weapons are rusty, splintered, and bent. Recent research has revealed that bandits cannot be generally identified with the itinerant population. The group called on the state government and security agencies to evacuate migrant herdsmen "to where they came from, as was done with Almajiris", to stop the attacks. In Sicily and Greece violent entrepreneurs from pastoral backgrounds managed to create new niches for themselves in the nation-state, especially when the new regime attempted to penetrate the countryside. Translated by Alan Sheridan. Bandits did not necessarily belong to the peasantry; they often belonged to those groups who sponsored or controlled the production of (often) literary symbols. A full understanding takes into account not just the various ways in which strongmen were co-opted by the powerful but also how such men were portrayed by various strata of society. Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture. Now they were seen as living ancestors who inhabited a different time and who had to be tamed in the modern republic. By 1735, London newspapers regularly reported the exploits of Turpin and his "Essex Gang." Most online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. Between 1860 and 1870 more lives were lost during the Italian army's campaign in southern Italy against peasant brigandage than in the war of unification. Bande armate, banditi, banditismo e repressione di giustizia negli stati europei di antico regime. Other sources, such as ballads, popular accounts, and oral historyoften bypassed by traditional historians engaged in depicting the history of the nation-state as the progress of civilization over barbarismconcentrated on bandits' roles as popular heroes. Gilbert M. Joseph, "On the Trail of Latin American Bandits: A Reexamination of Peasant Resistance," in Latin American Research Review 25, no. A bandit is a robber, thief, or outlaw. Sciascia, Leonardo. Turpin's popular image entails many legends. He spoke of "pathological aberrations" and "ultra violence" as a manifestation of the "primitive" nature of bandits' rebellion, but he could not explain it adequately. In the early seventeenth century the most famous Spanish bandit was Perot Rocaguinarda. After wars, for example in the eighteenth century, veterans often roamed the country in predatory groups that some peasants regarded as bandits or brigands. German authorities suppressed partisan opposition with maximum force[4] Peasant complicity was not always imposed through terror but could also be spontaneous and lucrative. He and his gang invaded isolated farmhouses, terrorizing and torturing the female occupants into giving up their valuables. Oxford, 1987. . Over time, certain populations picked those words up and ran with them. [15] Robinson also points out that many eunuchs in Beijing resorted to banditry. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. From the perspective of the modern nation-state, bandits (or brigands, a term more popular in the nineteenth century) are criminals who resist the civilizing power of the state through violence, brutality, extortion, theft, and protection rackets. Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list. 139149. //

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